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to restore the system

  • 1 restore the system

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > restore the system

  • 2 restore the system

    Англо-русский словарь по авиации > restore the system

  • 3 system

    system n
    система
    abbreviated visual indicator system
    упрощенная система визуальной индикации
    (глиссады) acceleration warning system
    система сигнализации перегрузок
    accessory power system
    система энергопитания оборудования
    acoustical measurement system
    акустическая измерительная система
    actuating system
    исполнительная система
    (механическая) aerial spraying system
    система распыления с воздуха
    (например, удобрений) aerodrome alert system
    система объявления тревоги на аэродроме
    aerodrome approach control system
    система управления подходом к аэродрому
    aerodrome drainage system
    дренажная система аэродрома
    aerodrome marking system
    система маркировки аэродрома
    aerodynamic roll system
    аэродинамическая система управления креном
    aileron control system
    система управления элеронами
    aileron trim system
    система балансировки элеронов
    aileron trim tab control system
    система управления триммером элерона
    air bleed system
    система отбора воздуха
    (от компрессора) air borne system
    бортовая система
    air brake system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air conditioning system
    система кондиционирования воздуха
    (в кабине воздушного судна) air cooling system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    aircraft control system
    система управления воздушным судном
    aircraft electric system
    электросистема воздушного судна
    aircraft heating system
    система обогрева воздушного судна
    aircraft identification system
    система опознавания воздушного судна
    aircraft integrated data system
    бортовая комплексная система регистрации данных
    aircraft landing measurement system
    система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
    aircraft pneumatic system
    пневматическая система воздушного судна
    aircraft system
    бортовая система
    aircraft warning system
    система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
    air data computer system
    система сбора воздушных сигналов
    airfield lighting system
    система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
    air humidifying system
    система увлажнения воздуха
    air induction system
    система забора воздуха
    air-interpreted system
    бортовая система обработки данных
    airport communication system
    система связи аэропорта
    air pressurization system
    система наддува
    (кабины) air starting system
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air traffic audio simulation system
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    (для тренажеров) air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным движением
    airway system
    сеть авиалиний
    airworthiness control system
    система контроля за летной годностью
    alerting system
    система аварийного оповещения
    altitude alert system
    система сигнализации опасной высоты
    angle guidance system
    система наведения по углу
    angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system
    система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения и перегрузок
    angle-of-attack warning system
    система сигнализации предельных углов атаки
    anticollision lights system
    система бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновения
    anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система
    (постоянного действия) antiskid system
    система противоюзовой автоматики
    antisurge system
    противопомпажная система
    (двигателя) approach guidance nose-in to stand system
    система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
    approach lighting system
    система огней подхода
    (к ВПП) approach radar system
    радиолокационная система захода на посадку
    approach system
    система захода на посадку
    area forecast system
    система зональных прогнозов
    (погоды) area navigation system
    система зональной навигации
    artificial feel system
    система искусственной загрузки органов управления
    associated aircraft system
    вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
    astronavigation system
    астронавигационная система
    attitude control system
    система ориентации
    (в полете) audio system
    переговорное устройство
    augmented lift system noise
    шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
    augmented system
    система создания дополнительной вертикальной тяги
    autoalarm system
    автоматическая система объявления тревоги
    autoland system
    система автоматической посадки
    automated data interchange system
    система автоматизированного обмена данными
    automated navigation system
    автоматизированная навигационная система
    automated radar terminal system
    автоматическая аэродромная радиолокационная система
    automatic approach system
    система автоматического захода на посадку
    automatic feathering system
    система автофлюгера
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    automatic landing system
    система автоматической посадки
    automatic monitor system
    система автоматического контроля
    automatic stabilization system
    система автоматической стабилизации
    (воздушного судна) automatic test system
    система автоматического контроля
    autopilot system
    автопилот
    autothrottle system
    автомат тяги
    (двигателя) autotrim system
    автотриммер
    auxiliary hydraulic system
    вспомогательная гидросистема
    aviation safety reporting system
    система информации о состоянии безопасности полетов
    avionic system
    радиоэлектронная система
    baggage-clearance system
    система досмотра багажа
    baggage-dispensing system
    система сортировки багажа
    baggage-handling system
    система обработки багажа
    baggage-tracing system
    система розыска багажа
    bank counteract system
    система автоматического парирования крена
    (при отказе одного из двигателей) beam approach beacon system
    система посадки по лучу маяка
    beam-rider system
    система наведения по лучу
    blind landing system
    система слепой посадки
    blowaway jet system
    система гашения завихрения
    braking system
    тормозная система
    breather system
    система суфлирования
    (двигателя) build-in test system
    система встроенного контроля
    cabin heating system
    система обогрева кабины
    cabin temperature control system
    система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
    cable control system
    система тросового управления
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibration system
    система калибровки
    (напр. сигналов) caution system
    система предупредительной сигнализации
    circulating oil system
    циркуляционная система смазки
    (двигателя) closed cooling system
    замкнутая система охлаждения
    code letter system
    система буквенного кодирования
    collective pitch control system
    система управления общим шагом
    (несущего винта) collision avoidance system
    система предупреждения столкновений
    collision prevention system
    система предотвращения столкновений
    color coded system
    цветовая система таможенного контроля
    Commission for basic Systems
    Комиссия по основным системам
    compass system
    курсовая система
    compass system coupling unit
    блок связи с курсовой системой
    conditioning-pressurization system
    система кондиционирования и наддува
    (гермокабины) conflict alert system
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    constant speed drive system
    система привода с постоянной скоростью
    containment system
    система герметизации
    (фюзеляжа) control system
    система управления
    control system load
    усилие на систему управления
    cooling system
    система охлаждения
    crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    crossbar approach lighting system
    система световых горизонтов огней подхода
    (к ВПП) customs accelerated passenger inspection system
    система ускоренного таможенного досмотра пассажиров
    cyclic pitch control system
    система управления циклическим шагом
    (несущего винта) data communication system
    система передачи данных
    data handling system
    система обработки данных
    data interchange system
    система обмена данными
    data link system
    система передачи данных
    data processing system
    система обработки данных
    data-record system
    система регистрации данных
    data switching system
    коммутационная система передачи данных
    data system
    информационная система
    day marking system
    система дневной маркировки
    (объектов в районе аэродрома) defueling system
    система слива топлива
    dehydrating system
    система осушения
    (межстекольного пространства) deicing system
    противообледенительная система
    (переменного действия) determine air in a system
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    deviation warning system
    система сигнализации отклонения от курса
    digital flight guidance system
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    dimmer system
    система регулировки яркости
    (напр. экрана локатора) direct-address transponder system
    система приемоответчика прямого адресования
    direct lift control system
    система управления подъемной силой
    discrete address beacon system
    система маяков дискретного адресования
    discrete communication system
    дискретная система связи
    distance measuring system
    дальномерная система
    docking system
    система стыковки
    (воздушного судна с трапом) Doppler computer system
    система доплеровского измерителя
    (путевой скорости и угла сноса) drainage system
    дренажная система
    drain system
    дренажная система
    dual autoland system
    дублированная система автоматического управления посадкой
    dual-channel system
    двухпоточная система
    (оформления пассажиров) dual ignition system
    система двойного зажигания
    (топлива в двигателе) early warning system
    система дальнего обнаружения
    electrical generating system
    система электроснабжения
    electronic engine control system
    электронная система управления двигателем
    electronic landing aids system
    радиоэлектронная система посадочных средств
    emergency brake system
    система аварийного торможения
    emergency hydraulic system
    аварийная гидравлическая система
    emergency lighting system
    система аварийного освещения
    emergency power system
    система аварийного энергопитания
    emergency shutdown system
    система аварийного останова
    (двигателя) emergency system
    аварийная система
    (для применения в случае отказа основной) emergency uplock release system
    система аварийного открытия замков убранного положения
    (шасси) emergency warning system
    система аварийной сигнализации
    empennage anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система хвостового оперения
    (постоянного действия) engine anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система двигателей
    (постоянного действия) engine breather system
    система суфлирования двигателя
    engine control system
    система управления двигателем
    engine deicing system
    противообледенительная система двигателей
    (переменного действия) engine fuel system
    топливная система двигателя
    engine starting system
    система запуска двигателей
    engine start system
    система запуска двигателей
    engine throttle interlock system
    система блокировки управления двигателем
    engine vent system
    дренажная система двигателей
    engine vibration indicating system
    система индикации виброперегрузок двигателя
    environmental control system equipment
    оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
    environment control system
    система жизнеобеспечения
    (воздушного судна) environment control system noise
    шум от системы кондиционирования
    exhaust system
    выхлопная система
    (двигателя) exhaust system manifold
    коллектор выхлопной системы
    exhaust system muffler
    глушитель выхлопной системы
    exterior lighting system
    система наружное освещения
    (посадочные фары, габаритные огни) external electrical power system
    система аэродромного электропитания
    external load sling system
    внешняя подвеска груза
    (на вертолете) fail-operative system
    дублированная система
    (сохраняющая работоспособность при единичном отказе) feedback control system
    система управления с обратной связью
    feed system
    система питания
    (напр. топливом) feel system
    система автомата усилий
    fin hydraulic system
    гидросистема хвостового оперения
    fire detection system
    система обнаружения и сигнализации пожара
    fire extinguisher system
    система пожаротушения
    fire-protection system
    противопожарная система
    fire warning system
    система пожарной сигнализации
    fixed-time dissemination system
    система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
    flaps asymmetry warning system
    система сигнализации рассогласования закрылков
    flaps drive system
    система привода закрылков
    flaps interconnection system
    система синхронизации закрылков
    flight control boost system
    бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control gust-lock system
    система стопорения поверхностей управления
    (при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control system
    система управления полетом
    flight crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    flight director system
    система командных пилотажных приборов
    flight director system control panel
    пульт управления системой директорного управления
    flight environment data system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    (условий полета) flight inspection system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight management computer system
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management system
    система управления полетом
    flight operations system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight recorder system
    система бортовых регистраторов
    flight simulation system
    система имитации полета
    fog dispersal system
    система рассеивания тумана
    (в районе ВПП) follow-up cable system
    следящая тросовая система
    follow-up system
    следящая система
    foot-pound system
    футо-фунтовая система
    fuel cross-feed system
    система кольцевания топливных баков
    fuel dip system
    система снижения подачи топлива
    fuel dump system
    система аварийного слива топлива
    fuel enrichment system
    система обогащения топливной смеси
    fuel feed system
    система подачи топлива
    fuel flowmeter system
    система измерения расхода топлива
    fuel gravity system
    система подачи топлива самотеком
    fuel indicating system
    система контроля количества и расхода топлива
    fuel injection system
    система впрыска топлива
    fuel jettisoning system
    система аварийного слива топлива
    (fuel jettisonning system) fuel management system
    система управления подачей топлива
    fuel manifold drain system
    система дренажа топливных коллекторов
    fuel preheat system
    система подогрева топлива
    (на входе в двигатель) fuel storage system
    система размещения топливных баков
    fuel supply system
    система подачи топлива
    fuel system
    топливная система
    fuel usage system
    система выработки топлива
    (из баков) gas-cooled system
    система охлаждения газов
    general alarm system
    система общей аварийной сигнализации
    generation system
    энергоузел
    generator autoparalleling system
    система автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов
    glide-path landing system
    глиссадная система посадки
    gravity lubricating system
    гравитационная система смазки
    (двигателя) ground control system
    наземная система управления
    (полетом) ground guidance system
    наземная система наведения
    ground proximity warning system
    система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей
    ground-referenced navigation system
    система навигации по наземным ориентирам
    ground shift system
    система блокировки при обжатии опор шасси
    guidance system
    система наведения
    guide beam system
    система наведения по лучу
    gyro-magnetic compass system
    гиромагнитная курсовая система
    gyro system
    гироскопическая система
    hazard information system
    система информации об опасности
    heating system
    система обогрева
    heat system
    система обогрева
    helicopter control system
    система управления вертолетом
    high-intensity lighting system
    система огней высокой интенсивности
    (на аэродроме) high-pressure fuel system
    топливная система высокого давления
    hijack alarm system
    система сигнализации опасности захвата
    (воздушного судна) hydraulic control boost system
    гидравлическая бустерная система управления
    hydraulic starting system
    гидравлическая пусковая система
    (двигателя) hydraulic system
    гидросистема
    ice protection system
    противообледенительная система
    ignition system
    система зажигания
    illuminating system
    система подсветки
    (приборов в кабине экипажа) independent starting system
    система автономного запуска
    (двигателя) indicating system
    система индикации
    individual ventilation system
    система индивидуальной вентиляции
    inertial control system
    инерциальная система управления
    inertial navigation system
    инерциальная навигационная система
    inertial sensor system
    инерциальная сенсорная система
    instrument failure warning system
    система сигнализации отказа приборов
    instrument guidance system
    система наведения по приборам
    instrument landing system
    система посадки по приборам
    integrated automatic system
    комплексная автоматическая система
    integrated control system
    встроенная система контроля
    integrated system of airspace control
    комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
    integrated world-wide system
    всемирная комплексная система
    (управления полетами) intercommunication system
    переговорное устройство
    intercooler system
    система внутреннего охлаждения
    interlocking system
    система блокировки
    interlock system
    система блокировки
    international meteorological system
    международная метеорологическая система
    interphone system
    система внутренней связи
    jamming system
    система глушения
    (радиосигналов) jet deviation control system
    система управления отклонением реактивной струи
    landing gear indication system
    система индикации положения шасси
    landing guidance system
    система управления посадкой
    landing system
    система посадки
    landline system
    система наземных линий связи
    lateral control system
    система поперечного управления
    (воздушным судном) leading edge flap system
    система привода предкрылков
    lead-in lighting system
    система ведущих огней
    (при заруливании на стоянку) life support system
    система жизнеобеспечения
    (воздушного судна) load feel system
    система имитации усилий
    (на органах управления) load grip system
    система захвата груза
    localizer antenna system
    система антенны курсового посадочного радиомаяка
    longitudinal control system
    система продольного управления
    (воздушным судном) long-range air navigation system
    система дальней радионавигации
    loop circuit system
    кольцевая электрическая система
    low level wind-shear alert system
    система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотах
    lubrication system
    система смазки
    Mach-feel system
    автомат имитации усилий по числу М
    Mach trim system
    система балансировки по числу М
    malfunction detection system
    система обнаружения неисправностей
    mandatory reporting system
    система передачи обязательной информации
    (на борт воздушного судна) mapping radar system
    система радиолокационного обзора местности
    maximum speed limiting system
    система ограничения максимальных оборотов
    mechanical cooling system
    механическая система охлаждения
    mechanized baggage dispensing system
    автоматизированная система выдачи багажа
    mileage system
    мильная система
    (построения тарифов) multichannel circuit system
    многоканальная электрическая система
    nacelle cooling system
    система вентиляции подкапотного пространства
    (двигателя) national airspace system
    государственная система организации воздушного пространства
    navigation system
    навигационная система
    navigation system selector
    задатчик навигационной системы
    noise annoyance rating system
    система оценки раздражающего воздействия шума
    nosewheel steering follow-up system
    система обратной связи управления разворотом колес передней опоры шасси
    nozzle control system
    система управления реактивным соплом
    oil dilution system
    система разжижения масла
    oiling system
    маслосистема
    oil scavenge system
    система откачки масла
    omnibearing distance system
    система всенаправленного дальномера
    onboard weight and balance system
    бортовая система определения массы и центровки
    one-step inspection system
    система одноступенчатого досмотра
    (пассажиров путем совмещения паспортного и таможенного контроля) open cooling system
    незамкнутая система охлаждения
    organized track system
    система организованных маршрутов
    passenger address system
    система оповещения пассажиров
    passenger bypass inspection system
    упрощенная система проверки пассажиров
    (перед вылетом) passenger oxygen system
    система кислородного обеспечения пассажиров
    phone system
    система телефонной связи
    pictorial navigation system
    навигационная система с графическим отображением
    (информации) pilot-controller system
    система пилот - диспетчер
    pilot-interpreted navigation system
    навигационная система со считыванием показаний пилотом
    pitch control system
    система управления тангажом
    pitch limit system
    система ограничения шага
    (воздушного винта) pitot-static system
    система приемника воздушного давления
    platform stabilization system
    система стабилизации платформы
    power-boost control system
    бустерная обратимая система управления
    power-operated control system
    необратимая система управления
    precision approach lighting system
    система огней точного захода на посадку
    precision approach radar system
    радиолокационная система точного захода на посадку
    preprocessed data system
    система предварительной обработки данных
    pressure control system
    система регулирования давления
    pressure fueling system
    система заправки топливом под давлением
    pressure fuel system
    система подачи топлива под давлением
    pressurization system
    система герметизации
    priming system
    система подачи
    (топлива в двигатель) propeller feathering system
    система флюгирования воздушного винта
    propeller pitch control system
    л управления шагом воздушного винта
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    proximity warning system
    система сигнализации сближения
    (воздушных судов) public address system
    система оповещения пассажиров
    push-pull control system
    жесткая система управления
    (при помощи тяг) Q-feel system
    автомат загрузки по скоростному напору
    radar airborne weather system
    бортовая метеорологическая радиолокационная система
    radar backup system
    резервная радиолокационная система
    radar guidance system
    радиолокационная система наведения
    radar homing system
    приводная радиолокационная система
    radar navigation system
    радиолокационная система навигации
    radar scanning beam system
    радиолокационная система со сканирующим лучом
    radar side looking system
    радиолокационная система бокового обзора
    radar system
    радиолокационная система
    radio-beacon landing system
    радиомаячная система посадки
    radio-beacon system
    система радиомаяков
    radio navigation system
    радионавигационная система
    radio system
    радиосистема
    radiotelephony network system
    система сети радиотелефонной связи
    (воздушных судов) recording system
    система регистрации
    reference system
    система координат
    remote control system
    система дистанционного управления
    reproducing system
    воспроизводящая система
    reservations system
    система бронирования
    (мест) restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    return line system
    система линий слива
    (рабочей жидкости в бак) reversible control system
    обратимая система управления
    rho-theta navigation system
    угломерно-дальномерная радионавигационная система
    robot-control system
    система автоматического управления
    (полетом) rotor drive system
    трансмиссия привода несущего винта
    rotor governing system
    система регулирования оборотов несущего винта
    rudder control system
    система управления рулем направления
    rudder limiting system
    система ограничения отклонения руля направления
    rudder trim tab control system
    система управления триммером руля направления
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    runway classification system
    система классификации ВПП
    runway lead-in lighting system
    система огней подхода к ВПП
    runway lighting system
    светосигнальная система ВПП
    satellite-aided tracking system
    спутниковая система слежения
    (за воздушным движением) scanning beam guidance system
    система наведения по сканирующему лучу
    sealing system
    система уплотнений
    (напр. люков) search and rescue system
    система поиска и спасания
    selective calling system
    система избирательного вызова
    (на связь) self-contained navigation system
    автономная навигационная система
    self-contained oil system
    автономная маслосистема
    self-contained starting system
    автономная система запуска
    self-test system
    система самоконтроля
    shock absorption system
    система амортизации
    short range radio navigation system
    радиосистема ближней навигации
    simple approach lighting system
    упрощенная система огней подхода
    (к ВПП) slip warning system
    система сигнализации опасного скольжения
    slope indicator system
    система индикации глиссады
    smoke detection system
    система обнаружения дыма
    (в кабине воздушного судна) speed brake system
    система аэродинамических тормозов
    speed control system
    система управления скоростью
    (полета) spraying system
    система распыления
    (удобрений) stall barrier system
    система ограничения углов атаки
    stall prevention system
    система предотвращения сваливания
    (на крыло) stall warning system
    система сигнализации о приближении к сваливанию
    (на крыло) standard approach system
    стандартная система захода на посадку
    standard beam approach system
    стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
    standby system
    резервная система
    starting system
    система запуска
    static discharging system
    система статических разрядников
    static system
    статика
    (система статического давления) steering system
    система управления рулением
    stick shaker system
    система автомата тряски штурвала
    (при достижении критического угла атаки) suppressor exhaust system
    система глушения реактивной струи
    switching system
    система коммутации
    system leakage device
    прибор для проверки систем на герметичность
    system of monitoring visual aids
    система контроля за работой визуальных средств
    (на аэродроме) system of units
    система единиц
    (измерения) system preservation filler
    штуцер консервации системы
    systems compartment
    отсек размещения систем
    systems operator pilot
    пилот - оператор
    Systems Study section
    Секция изучения авиационных систем
    (ИКАО) tab control system
    система управления триммером
    tactical air navigation system
    система ближней аэронавигации
    takeoff monitoring system
    система контроля взлета
    tank pressurizating system
    система наддува бака
    taxiing guidance system
    система управления рулением
    teletype broadcast system
    система телетайпной связи
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    three-axis autostabilization system
    система автостабилизации относительно трех осей
    thrust augmentor system
    форсажная система
    (двигателя) thrust reverser interlock system
    система блокировки управления по положению реверса
    thrust reverser system
    система реверсирования тяги
    thrust system
    силовая установка
    tracking system
    система слежения
    (за полетом) traffic alert system
    система оповещения о воздушном движении
    transmission rotor drive system
    трансмиссия привода несущего винта
    trim system
    система балансировки
    (воздушного судна) triplex system
    система с тройным резервированием
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    two-frequency glide path system
    двухчастотная глиссадная система
    two-frequency localizer system
    двухчастотная система курсового маяка
    two-shot fire extinguishing system
    система пожаротушения с двумя очередями срабатывания
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    unassisted control system
    безбустерная система управления
    utility hydraulic system
    гидросистема для обслуживания вспомогательных устройств
    ventilation system
    система вентиляции
    (кабины) vent system
    дренажная система
    visual approach slope indicator system
    система визуальной индикации глиссады
    visual docking guidance system
    система визуального управления стыковкой с телескопическим трапом
    voice communication system
    система речевой связи
    voice recorder system
    система записи переговоров
    (экипажа) warning flag movement system
    флажковая система предупреждения об отказе
    warning system
    система предупредительной сигнализации
    warning system control unit
    блок управления аварийной сигнализации
    water injection system
    система впрыска воды
    (на входе в двигатель) water supply system
    система водоснабжения
    weight system
    система сборов по фактической массе
    (багажа или груза) wind flaps control system
    система управления закрылками
    window demisting system
    система осушения
    (межстекольного пространства) windshear warning system
    система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра
    windshield anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система
    wing anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система крыла
    wing flap control system
    система управления закрылками
    wing-flap system
    механизация крыла
    wing spoiler system
    система крыльевых интерцептор
    wire collision avoidance system
    система предупреждения столкновения с проводами ЛЭП
    wireless system
    система радиосвязи
    wire system
    система проводной связи
    World Geographic Reference system
    Всемирная система географических координат

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > system

  • 4 restore

    restore v
    восстанавливаться
    inadvisable to restore
    нецелесообразно для восстановления
    restore an aircraft
    восстанавливать воздушное судно
    restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    restoring moment
    восстанавливающий момент

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > restore

  • 5 system

    1. комплекс, система (напр. агрегатов)
    2. сеть, система (напр. авиалиний)
    3. метод, система (напр. технического обслуживания)

    angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system — система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки,скольжения и перегрузок

    automatic flight control system — автоматическая бортовая система управления, АБСУ

    cabin pressure control system — система автоматического регулирования давления (воздуха) в кабине, САРД

    conditioning / pressurization system — система кондиционирования и наддува (гермокабины)

    short range radio navigation system — радиосистема ближней навигации, РСБН

    to turn off the system — выключать систему;

    to unarm the system — отключать [снимать] состояние готовности системы

    warning flag movement system — бленкерная [флажковая] система предупреждения об отказе

    — drainage system
    — engine starting system
    — heating system
    — interlocking system

    Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации > system

  • 6 the

    abandon the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    abeam the left pilot position
    на левом траверзе
    abeam the right pilot position
    на правом траверзе
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    abort the takeoff
    прерывать взлет
    above the glide slope
    выше глиссады
    absorb the shock energy
    поглощать энергию удара
    accelerate the rotor
    раскручивать ротор
    accelerate to the speed
    разгонять до скорости
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    adhere to the track
    придерживаться заданного курса
    adjust the cable
    регулировать трос
    adjust the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    adjust the engine
    регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
    adjust the heading
    корректировать курс
    advice to follow the controller's advance
    выполнять указание диспетчера
    affect the regularity
    влиять на регулярность
    affect the safety
    влиять на безопасность
    align the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    alter the heading
    менять курс
    amplify the signal
    усиливать сигнал
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    apply the brake
    применять тормоз
    approach the beam
    приближаться к лучу
    approve the limitations
    утверждать ограничения
    approve the tariff
    утверждать тариф
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    arrive over the aerodrome
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    assess the damage
    определять стоимость повреждения
    assess the distance
    оценивать расстояние
    assess the suitability
    оценивать пригодность
    assume the control
    брать управление на себя
    attain the power
    достигать заданной мощности
    attain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the ground level
    на уровне земли
    at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) avoid the obstacle
    избегать столкновения с препятствием
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    balance the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    balance the control surface
    балансировать поверхность управления
    balance the propeller
    балансировать воздушный винт
    bear on the accident
    иметь отношение к происшествию
    before the turbine
    перед турбиной
    below the glide slope
    ниже глиссады
    below the landing minima
    ниже посадочного минимума
    bend the cotterpin ends
    загибать усики шплинта
    be off the track
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be on the level on the hour
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    block the brake
    ставить на тормоз
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    brake the propeller
    стопорить воздушный винт
    break the journey
    прерывать полет
    bring the aircraft back
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft out
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    by altering the heading
    путем изменения курса
    cage the gyroscope
    арретировать гироскоп
    calibrate the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    calibrate the indicator
    тарировать прибор
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibrate the tank
    тарировать бак
    cancel the drift
    парировать снос
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cancel the forecast
    аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
    cancel the signal
    прекращать подачу сигнала
    capture the beam
    захватывать луч
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    center the autopilot
    центрировать автопилот
    center the wiper
    центрировать щетку
    change the frequency
    изменять частоту
    change the pitch
    изменять шаг
    change the track
    изменять линию пути
    check the reading
    проверять показания
    chop the power
    внезапно изменять режим
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по кругу над аэродромом
    clean the aircraft
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean up the crack
    зачищать трещину
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance over the threshold
    безопасная высота пролета порога
    clear for the left-hand turn
    давать разрешение на левый разворот
    clear the aircraft
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the obstacle
    устранять препятствие
    clear the point
    пролетать над заданной точкой
    clear the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    climb on the course
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    close the buckets
    закрывать створки
    close the circuit
    замыкать цепь
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commence the landing procedure
    начинать посадку
    compare the readings
    сравнивать показания
    compensate the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    compensate the error
    списывать девиацию
    compile the accident report
    составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
    complete the circuit
    закольцовывать
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    complete the turn
    завершать разворот
    compute the visual range
    вычислять дальность видимости
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions on the route
    условия по заданному маршруту
    considering the obstacles
    учет препятствий
    construct the procedure
    разрабатывать схему
    containerize the cargo
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    continue operating on the fuel reserve
    продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continue the takeoff
    продолжать взлет
    contribute towards the safety
    способствовать повышению безопасности
    control the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    control the pitch
    управлять шагом
    convert the frequency
    преобразовывать частоту
    convey the information
    передавать информацию
    correct the trouble
    устранять отказ
    correspond with the operating minima
    соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
    counteract the rotor torque
    уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    cover the route
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    crosscheck the readings
    сверять показания
    cross the airway
    пересекать авиатрассу
    data on the performance
    координаты характеристики
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decrease the deviation
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the pitch
    уменьшать шаг
    decrease the speed
    уменьшать скорость
    de-energize the bus
    обесточивать шину
    define the failure
    определять причины отказа
    deflate the tire
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflect the control surface
    отклонять поверхность управления
    (напр. элерон) delay the turn
    затягивать разворот
    delimit the runway
    обозначать границы ВПП
    delimit the taxiway
    обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
    delineate the runway
    очерчивать границы ВПП
    delineate the taxiway
    обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
    deliver the baggage
    доставлять багаж
    deliver the clearance
    передавать разрешение
    denote the obstacle
    обозначать препятствие
    denoting the obstacle
    обозначение препятствия
    depart from the rules
    отступать от установленных правил
    departure from the standards
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    depress the pedal
    нажимать на педаль
    detach the load
    отцеплять груз
    detach the wing
    отстыковывать крыло
    determinate the cause
    устанавливать причину
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the delay
    устанавливать время задержки
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the friction
    определять величину сцепления
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    detract from the safety
    снижать безопасность
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    discharge the cargo
    снимать груз в контейнере
    disclose the fares
    опубликовывать тарифы
    discontinue the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    disengage the autopilot
    выключать автопилот
    displace the center-of-gravity
    изменять центровку
    disregard the indicator
    пренебрегать показаниями прибора
    disseminate the forecast
    распространять прогноз
    drain the tank
    сливать из бака
    draw the conclusion
    подготавливать заключение
    drift off the course
    сносить с курса
    drift off the heading
    уходить с заданного курса
    drop the nose
    сваливаться на нос
    duck below the glide path
    резко снижаться относительно глиссады
    ease the aircraft on
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    effect adversely the strength
    нарушать прочность
    (напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the hazard
    устранять опасную ситуацию
    eliminate the ice formation
    устранять обледенение
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
    давать воздушному судну право
    endanger the aircraft
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endange the safety
    угрожать безопасности
    endorse the license
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    energize the bus
    подавать электропитание на шину
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engage the autopilot
    включать автопилот
    ensure the adequate provisions
    обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
    enter the aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft stand
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the airway
    выходить на авиатрассу
    enter the final approach track
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    enter the spin
    входить в штопор
    enter the tariff into force
    утверждать тарифную ставку
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в круг движения
    enter the turn
    входить в разворот
    entry into the aerodrome zone
    вход в зону аэродрома
    entry into the flare
    входить в этап выравнивания
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    establish the characteristics
    устанавливать характеристики
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    establish the procedure
    устанавливать порядок
    exceeding the stalling angle
    выход на закритический угол атаки
    exceed the stop
    преодолевать упор
    execute the manoeuvre
    выполнять маневр
    execute the turn
    выполнять разворот
    expedite the clearance
    ускорять оформление
    express the altitude
    четко указывать высоту
    extend the agreement
    продлевать срок действия соглашения
    extend the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    extend the legs
    выпускать шасси
    extreme aft the center-of-gravity
    предельная задняя центровка
    extreme forward the center-of-gravity
    предельная передняя центровка
    eye height over the threshold
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    fail into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    fail to follow the procedure
    не выполнять установленную схему
    fail to observe the limitations
    не соблюдать установленные ограничения
    fail to provide the manuals
    не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
    fall into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    feather the propeller
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    fly above the weather
    летать над верхней кромкой облаков
    fly at the altitude
    летать на заданной высоте
    fly into the sun
    летать против солнца
    fly into the wind
    летать против ветра
    fly on the autopilot
    летать на автопилоте
    fly on the course
    летать по курсу
    fly on the heading
    летать по курсу
    fly the aircraft
    1. управлять самолетом
    2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
    лететь по лучу
    fly the circle
    летать по кругу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the great circle
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the heading
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по локсодромии
    fly under the autopilot
    пилотировать при помощи автопилота
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    focus the light
    фокусировать фару
    follow the beam
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the glide slope
    выдерживать глиссаду
    follow up the aircraft
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    forfeit the reservation
    лишать брони
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    fuel the tank
    заправлять бак топливом
    fulfil the conditions
    выполнять условия
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the altitude
    набирать заданную высоту
    gain the glide path
    входить в глиссаду
    gain the power
    достигать заданной мощность
    gain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    gather the speed
    наращивать скорость
    get into the aerodrome
    приземляться на аэродроме
    get on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    get the height
    набирать заданную высоту
    give the way
    уступать трассу
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    govern the application
    регулировать применение
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    govern the operation
    руководить эксплуатацией
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    guard the frequency
    прослушивать частоту
    handle the baggage
    обслуживать багаж
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    have the runway in sight
    четко видеть ВПП
    head the aircraft into wind
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    hold on the heading
    выдерживать на заданном курсе
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the brake
    удерживать тормоза
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the position
    ожидать на месте
    hold the speed accurately
    точно выдерживать скорость
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    hovering in the ground effect
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    identify the aircraft
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the center line
    обозначать осевую линию
    impair the operation
    нарушать работу
    impair the safety
    снижать безопасность
    impose the limitations
    налагать ограничения
    in computing the fuel
    при расчете количества топлива
    in conformity with the specifications
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    increase the pitch
    увеличивать шаг
    increase the speed
    увеличивать скорость
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    inherent in the aircraft
    свойственный воздушному судну
    initiate the turn
    входить в разворот
    install in the aircraft
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install on the aircraft
    монтировать на воздушном судне
    intercept the beam
    выходить на ось луча
    intercept the glide slope
    захватывать луч глиссады
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    issue the certificate
    выдавать сертификат
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    judge the safety
    оценивать степень опасности
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    keep tab on the fleet
    вести учет парка
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    keep the ball centered
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the pace
    выдерживать дистанцию
    keep to the minima
    устанавливать минимум
    kick off the drift
    парировать снос
    kill the landing speed
    гасить посадочную скорость
    landing off the aerodrome
    посадка вне аэродрома
    land into the wind
    выполнять посадку против ветра
    land the aircraft
    приземлять воздушное судно
    latch the pitch stop
    устанавливать на упор шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral the center-of-gravity
    поперечная центровка
    lay the route
    прокладывать маршрут
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно
    leave the airspace
    покидать данное воздушное пространство
    leave the altitude
    уходить с заданной высоты
    leave the plane
    выходить из самолета
    leave the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    level the aircraft out
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    lie beyond the range
    находиться вне заданного предела
    line up the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    load the gear
    загружать редуктор
    load the generator
    нагружать генератор
    load the structure
    нагружать конструкцию
    lock the landing gear
    ставить шасси на замки
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lock the legs
    устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
    longitudinal the center-of-gravity
    продольная центровка
    lose the altitude
    терять высоту
    lose the speed
    терять заданную скорость
    loss the control
    терять управление
    lower the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    lower the legs
    выпускать шасси
    lower the nose wheel
    опускать носовое колесо
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    maintain the course
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    maintain the flying speed
    выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
    maintain the heading
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the parameter
    выдерживать заданный параметр
    make a complaint against the company
    подавать жалобу на компанию
    make the aircraft airborne
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    make the course change
    изменять курс
    make the reservation
    забронировать место
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mark the obstacle
    маркировать препятствие
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    meet the airworthiness standards
    удовлетворять нормам летной годности
    meet the conditions
    выполнять требования
    meet the specifications
    соблюдать технические условия
    misjudge the distance
    неправильно оценивать расстояние
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    monitor the frequency
    контролировать заданную частоту
    moor the aircraft
    швартовать воздушное судно
    mount on the frame
    монтировать на шпангоуте
    move off from the rest
    страгивать с места
    move the blades to higher
    утяжелять воздушный винт
    move the pedal forward
    давать педаль вперед
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    neglect the indicator
    не учитывать показания прибора
    note the instrument readings
    отмечать показания приборов
    note the time
    засекать время
    observe the conditions
    соблюдать условия
    observe the instruments
    следить за показаниями приборов
    observe the readings
    наблюдать за показаниями
    obtain the correct path
    выходить на заданную траекторию
    obtain the flying speed
    набирать заданную скорость полета
    obtain the forecast
    получать прогноз
    offer the capacity
    предлагать объем загрузки
    off-load the pump
    разгружать насос
    on the base leg
    выполнил третий разворот
    on the beam
    в зоне действия луча
    on the cross-wind leg
    выполнил первый разворот
    on the down-wind leg
    выполнил второй разворот
    on the eastbound leg
    на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the final leg
    выполнил четвертый разворот
    on the left base leg
    подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
    on the speed
    на скорости
    on the upwind leg
    вхожу в круг
    open the buckets
    открывать створки
    open the circuit
    размыкать цепь
    open the door inward outward
    открывать люк внутрь наружу
    operate from the aerodrome
    выполнять полеты с аэродрома
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    overcome the obstacle
    преодолевать препятствие
    overcome the spring force
    преодолевать усилие пружины
    overflying the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    overpower the autopilot
    пересиливать автопилот
    overrun the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    over the territory
    над территорией
    over the top
    над верхней границей облаков
    over the wing
    над крылом
    park in the baggage
    сдавать в багаж
    participation in the investigation
    участие в расследовании
    passing over the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    pass the signal
    пропускать сигнал
    past the turbine
    за турбиной
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    pick up the signal
    фиксировать сигнал
    pick up the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    pilot on the controls
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pitch the nose downward
    опускать нос
    place the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    place the flaps in
    устанавливать закрылки
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    plot the aircraft
    засекать воздушное судно
    potential hazard to the safe
    потенциальная угроза безопасности
    power the bus
    включать шину
    present the minimum hazard
    представлять минимальную опасность
    preserve the clearance
    сохранять запас высоты
    pressurize the bearing
    уплотнять опору подачей давления
    produce the signal
    выдавать сигнал
    profitability over the route
    эффективность маршрута
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    properly identify the aircraft
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    protect the circuit
    защищать цепь
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control column back
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control stick back
    брать ручку управления на себя
    pull up the helicopter
    резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
    puncture the tire
    прокалывать покрышку
    push the aircraft back
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft down
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the control column
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    put into the spin
    вводить в штопор
    put on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft on the course
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft over
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    raise the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    reach the altitude
    занимать заданную высоту
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    reach the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the speed
    достигать заданных оборотов
    reach the stalling angle
    выходить на критический угол
    read the drift angle
    отсчитывать угол сноса
    read the instruments
    считывать показания приборов
    receive the signal
    принимать сигнал
    record the readings
    регистрировать показания
    recover from the spin
    выходить из штопора
    recover from the turn
    выходить из разворота
    recovery from the manoeuvre
    выход из маневра
    recovery from the stall
    вывод из режима сваливания
    recovery from the turn
    выход из разворота
    rectify the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    reduce the hazard
    уменьшать опасность
    reestablish the track
    восстанавливать заданную линию пути
    regain the glide path
    возвращаться на глиссаду
    regain the speed
    восстанавливать скорость
    regain the track
    возвращаться на заданный курс
    register the aircraft
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    release the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear lock
    снимать шасси с замка
    release the load
    сбрасывать груз
    release the uplock
    открывать замок убранного положения
    relocate the plane's trim
    восстанавливать балансировку самолета
    remedy the defect
    устранять дефект
    remedy the trouble
    устранять отказ
    remove the aircraft
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the crack
    выбирать трещину
    remove the tangle
    распутывать
    render the certificate
    передавать сертификат
    renew the license
    возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
    renew the rating
    возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    report reaching the altitude
    докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    report the heading
    сообщать курс
    reset the gyroscope
    восстанавливать гироскоп
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    restrict the operations
    накладывать ограничения на полеты
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    resume the journey
    возобновлять полет
    retain the lever
    фиксировать рукоятку
    retract the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    return the aircraft to service
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    reverse the propeller
    переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll into the turn
    входить в разворот
    roll left on the heading
    выходить на курс с левым разворотом
    roll on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the course
    выводить на заданный курс
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    roll out on the heading
    выходить на заданный курс
    roll out the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    roll right on the heading
    выходить на курс с правым разворотом
    rotate the aircraft
    отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the bogie
    запрокидывать тележку
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    run off the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    run out the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    schedule the performances
    задавать характеристики
    seat the brush
    притирать щетку
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    secure the mishap site
    обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
    select the course
    выбирать курс
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    select the frequency
    выбирать частоту
    select the heading
    задавать курс
    select the mode
    выбирать режим
    select the track angle
    задавать путевой угол
    separate the aircraft
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    serve out the service life
    вырабатывать срок службы
    set at the desired angle
    устанавливать на требуемый угол
    set the course
    устанавливать курс
    set the flaps at
    устанавливать закрылки
    set the heading
    устанавливать курс
    set the propeller pitch
    устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
    set the throttle lever
    устанавливать сектор газа
    set up the speed
    задавать определенную скорость
    shift the center-of-gravity
    смещать центровку
    shop out the skin
    вырубать обшивку
    simulate the instruments responses
    имитировать показания приборов
    slacken the cable
    ослаблять натяжение троса
    slave the gyroscope
    согласовывать гироскоп
    smooth on the heading
    плавно выводить на заданный курс
    smooth out the crack
    удалять трещину
    smooth out the dent
    выправлять вмятину
    smooth the signal
    сглаживать сигнал
    space the aircraft
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    spin the gyro rotor
    раскручивать ротор гироскопа
    state instituting the investigation
    государство, назначающее расследование
    (авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
    государство, представляющее отчет
    (об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steer the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    stop the crack propagation
    предотвращать развитие трещины
    stop the leakage
    устранять течь
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять воздушное судно
    supervision approved by the State
    надзор, установленный государством
    supply the signal
    подавать сигнал
    swing the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    swing the door open
    открывать створку
    switch to the autopilot
    переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
    switch to the proper tank
    включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
    takeoff into the wind
    взлетать против ветра
    take off power to the shaft
    отбирать мощность на вал
    take over the control
    брать управление на себя
    take the bearing
    брать заданный пеленг
    take the energy from
    отбирать энергию
    take the readings
    считывать показания
    take the taxiway
    занимать рулежную дорожку
    take up the backlash
    устранять люфт
    take up the position
    выходить на заданную высоту
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    terminate the agreement
    прекращать действие соглашения
    terminate the control
    прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test in the wind tunnel
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    the aircraft under command
    управляемое воздушное судно
    the route to be flown
    намеченный маршрут полета
    the route to be followed
    установленный маршрут полета
    the runway is clear
    ВПП свободна
    the runway is not clear
    ВПП занята
    the search is terminated
    поиск прекращен
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    throughout the service life
    на протяжении всего срока службы
    tighten the turn
    уменьшать радиус разворота
    time in the air
    налет часов
    time the valves
    регулировать газораспределение
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    to define the airspace
    определять границы воздушного пространства
    transfer the control
    передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
    transit to the climb speed
    переходить к скорости набора высоты
    trim the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    turn into the wind
    разворачивать против ветра
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    turn the proper tank on
    включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    uncage the gyroscope
    разарретировать гироскоп
    unfeather the propeller
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unlatch the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков
    unlatch the pitch stop
    снимать с упора шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstick the aircraft
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    uplift the freight
    принимать груз на борт
    violate the law
    нарушать установленный порядок
    wander off the course
    сбиваться с курса
    warn the aircraft
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    wind the generator
    наматывать обмотку генератора
    with decrease in the altitude
    со снижением высоты
    withdraw from the agreement
    выходить из соглашения
    with increase in the altitude
    с набором высоты
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    within the range
    в заданном диапазоне
    withstand the load
    выдерживать нагрузку
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    write down the readings
    фиксировать показания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > the

  • 7 restore confidence in the banking system

    Банковское дело: восстановить доверие к банковской системе (англ. оборот взят на сайте МВФ)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > restore confidence in the banking system

  • 8 automatic file restore

    A feature that replaces malware-infected system files with uninfected files from the cloud.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > automatic file restore

  • 9 Blessing Way (Central ritual of a complex system of ceremonies performed by the Navajo to restore equilibrium to the cosmos)

    Религия: путь благословения

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Blessing Way (Central ritual of a complex system of ceremonies performed by the Navajo to restore equilibrium to the cosmos)

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 set

    set [set]
    jeu1 (a) série1 (a) ensemble1 (a), 1 (c) cercle1 (b) appareil1 (d) poste1 (d) set1 (e) fixe2 (a) arrêté2 (b) figé2 (b) résolu2 (c) prêt2 (d) mettre3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) poser3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (e), 3 (i) situer3 (b) régler3 (c) fixer3 (f), 3 (i) établir3 (f) faire prendre3 (h) se coucher4 (a) prendre4 (b)
    (pt & pp set, cont setting)
    1 noun
    (a) (of tools, keys, golf clubs, sails) jeu m; (of numbers, names, instructions, stamps, weights) série f; (of books) collection f; (of furniture) ensemble m; (of cutlery, dishes, glasses) service m; (of lingerie) parure f; (of wheels) train m; (of facts, conditions, characteristics, data) ensemble m; (of events, decisions, questions) série f, suite f; Typography (of proofs, characters) jeu m; Computing (of characters, instructions) jeu m, ensemble m;
    a set of matching luggage un ensemble de valises assorties;
    a set of table/bed linen une parure de table/de lit;
    a set of sheets une parure de lit;
    badminton/chess set jeu m de badminton/d'échecs;
    they're playing with Damian's train set ils jouent avec le train électrique de Damian;
    the cups/the chairs are sold in sets of six les tasses/les chaises sont vendues par six;
    I can't break up the set je ne peux pas les dépareiller;
    they make a set ils vont ensemble;
    to collect the (whole) set rassembler toute la collection, faire la collection;
    he made me a duplicate set (of keys) il m'a fait un double des clés; (of contact lenses) il m'en a fait une autre paire;
    a full set of the encyclopedia une encyclopédie complète;
    a full set of Tolstoy's works les œuvres complètes de Tolstoï;
    they've detected two sets of fingerprints ils ont relevé deux séries d'empreintes digitales ou les empreintes digitales de deux personnes;
    given another set of circumstances, things might have turned out differently dans d'autres circonstances, les choses auraient pu se passer différemment;
    the first set of reforms la première série ou le premier train de réformes;
    they ran a whole set of tests on me ils m'ont fait subir toute une série d'examens
    (b) (social group) cercle m, milieu m;
    he's not in our set il n'appartient pas à notre cercle;
    we don't go around in the same set nous ne fréquentons pas le même milieu ou monde;
    the riding/yachting set le monde ou milieu de l'équitation/du yachting;
    the literary set les milieux mpl littéraires;
    the Markham set Markham et ses amis
    (c) Mathematics ensemble m
    (d) (electrical device) appareil m; (radio, TV) poste m;
    a colour TV set un poste de télévision ou un téléviseur couleur
    (e) Sport set m, manche f;
    first set to Miss Williams set Williams
    (f) Cinema & Television plateau m; Theatre (stage) scène f; (scenery) décor m;
    on (the) set Cinema & Television sur le plateau; Theatre sur scène
    (g) (part of performance → by singer, group)
    he'll be playing two sets tonight il va jouer à deux reprises ce soir;
    her second set was livelier la deuxième partie de son spectacle a été plus animée
    (h) British School groupe m de niveau
    (i) (for hair) mise f en plis;
    to have a set se faire faire une mise en plis
    (j) (posture → of shoulders, body) position f, attitude f; (→ of head) port m;
    I could tell he was angry by the set of his jaw rien qu'à la façon dont il serrait les mâchoires, j'ai compris qu'il était en colère
    (k) (direction → of wind, current) direction f;
    suddenly the set of the wind changed le vent a tourné soudainement
    (m) Horticulture (seedling) semis m; (cutting) bouture f;
    tomato/tulip sets tomates fpl/tulipes fpl à repiquer
    (n) (clutch of eggs) couvée f
    (q) (of badger) terrier m
    (a) (specified, prescribed → rule, price, quantity, sum, wage) fixe;
    meals are at set times les repas sont servis à heures fixes;
    there are no set rules for raising children il n'y a pas de règles toutes faites pour l'éducation des enfants;
    the tasks must be done in the set order les tâches doivent être accomplies dans l'ordre prescrit;
    with no set purpose sans but précis
    (b) (fixed, rigid → ideas, views) arrêté; (→ smile, frown) figé;
    her day followed a set routine sa journée se déroulait selon un rituel immuable;
    he has a set way of doing it il a sa méthode pour le faire;
    to be set in one's ways avoir ses (petites) habitudes;
    to become set in one's views devenir rigide dans ses opinions
    (c) (intent, resolute) résolu, déterminé;
    to be set on or upon sth vouloir qch à tout prix;
    I'm (dead) set on finishing it tonight je suis (absolument) déterminé à le finir ce soir;
    he's dead set against it il s'y oppose formellement
    (d) (ready, in position) prêt;
    are you (all) set to go? êtes-vous prêt à partir?
    (e) (likely) probablement;
    he seems well set to win il semble être sur la bonne voie ou être bien parti pour gagner;
    house prices are set to rise steeply les prix de l'immobilier vont vraisemblablement monter en flèche
    (f) British School (book, subject) au programme;
    one of our set books is 'Oliver Twist' un des ouvrages au programme est 'Oliver Twist'
    he set his cases down on the platform il posa ses valises sur le quai;
    to set sth before sb (dish, glass) placer qch devant qn; (proposal, plan) présenter qch à qn;
    she set the steaming bowl before him elle plaça le bol fumant devant lui;
    to set a proposal before the board présenter un projet au conseil d'administration;
    to set sb on his/her feet again remettre qn sur pied;
    to set a match to sth mettre le feu à qch;
    to set sb ashore débarquer qn
    (b) (usu passive) (locate, situate → building, story) situer;
    the house is set in large grounds la maison est située dans un grand parc;
    his eyes are set too close together ses yeux sont trop rapprochés;
    the story is set in Tokyo l'histoire se passe ou se déroule à Tokyo;
    her novels are set in the 18th century ses romans se passent au XVIIIème siècle
    (c) (adjust → clock, mechanism) régler; (→ alarm) mettre; Computing (→ tabs, format) poser;
    I set my watch to New York time j'ai réglé ma montre à l'heure de New York;
    set your watches an hour ahead avancez vos montres d'une heure;
    he's so punctual you can set your watch by him! il est si ponctuel qu'on peut régler sa montre sur lui!;
    I've set the alarm for six j'ai mis le réveil à (sonner pour) six heures;
    how do I set the margins? comment est-ce que je fais pour placer les marges?;
    set the timer for one hour mettez le minuteur sur une heure;
    first set the control knob to the desired temperature mettez tout d'abord le bouton de réglage sur la température voulue;
    the lever was set in the off position le levier était sur "arrêt"
    (d) (fix into position) mettre, fixer; (jewel, diamond) sertir, monter;
    the handles are set into the drawers les poignées sont encastrées dans les tiroirs;
    there was a peephole set in the door il y avait un judas dans la porte;
    to set a stake in the ground enfoncer ou planter un pieu dans la terre;
    metal bars had been set in the concrete des barres en métal avaient été fixées dans le béton;
    the brooch was set with pearls la broche était sertie de perles;
    the ruby was set in a simple ring le rubis était monté sur un simple anneau;
    Medicine to set a bone réduire une fracture;
    figurative his face was set in a frown son visage était figé dans une grimace renfrognée;
    she set her jaw and refused to budge elle serra les dents et refusa de bouger;
    we had set ourselves to resist nous étions déterminés à résister
    (e) (lay, prepare in advance → trap) poser, tendre;
    to set the table mettre le couvert ou la table;
    to set the table for two mettre deux couverts;
    set an extra place at table rajoutez un couvert
    (f) (establish → date, price, schedule, terms) fixer, déterminer; (→ rule, guideline, objective, target) établir; (→ mood, precedent) créer;
    they still haven't set a date for the party ils n'ont toujours pas fixé de date pour la réception;
    you've set yourself a tough deadline or a tough deadline for yourself vous vous êtes fixé un délai très court;
    it's up to them to set their own production targets c'est à eux d'établir ou de fixer leurs propres objectifs de production;
    a deficit ceiling has been set un plafonnement du déficit a été imposé ou fixé ou décidé;
    to set a value on sth décider de la valeur de qch;
    figurative they set a high value on creativity ils accordent une grande valeur à la créativité;
    the price was set at £500 le prix a été fixé à 500 livres;
    the judge set bail at $1,000 le juge a fixé la caution à 1000 dollars;
    how are exchange rates set? comment les taux de change sont-ils déterminés?;
    to set an age limit at… fixer une limite d'âge à…;
    to set a new fashion or trend lancer une nouvelle mode;
    to set a new world record établir un nouveau record mondial;
    to set the tone for or of sth donner le ton de qch
    to set sth alight or on fire mettre le feu à qch;
    it sets my nerves on edge ça me crispe;
    also figurative she set me in the right direction elle m'a mis sur la bonne voie;
    to set sb against sb monter qn contre qn;
    he/the incident set the taxman on my trail il/l'incident a mis le fisc sur ma piste;
    to set the dogs on sb lâcher les chiens sur qn;
    the incident set the family against him l'incident a monté la famille contre lui;
    it will set the country on the road to economic recovery cela va mettre le pays sur la voie de la reprise économique;
    his failure set him thinking son échec lui a donné à réfléchir;
    the scandal will set the whole town talking le scandale va faire jaser toute la ville;
    to set the dog barking faire aboyer le chien;
    the wind set the leaves dancing le vent a fait frissonner les feuilles;
    to set a machine going mettre une machine en marche
    (h) (solidify → yoghurt, jelly, concrete) faire prendre;
    pectin will help to set the jam la pectine aidera à épaissir la confiture
    (i) (pose → problem) poser; (assign → task) fixer;
    the strikers' demands set the management a difficult problem les exigences des grévistes posent un problème difficile à la direction;
    I set them to work tidying the garden je les ai mis au désherbage du jardin;
    I've set myself the task of writing to them regularly je me suis fixé la tâche de leur écrire régulièrement
    (j) British School (exam) composer, choisir les questions de; (books, texts) mettre au programme;
    she set the class a maths exercise, she set a maths exercise for the class elle a donné un exercice de maths à la classe;
    who sets the test questions? qui choisit les questions de l'épreuve?
    to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn;
    and I've just had my hair set! et je viens de me faire faire une mise en plis!;
    I set my own hair je me fais moi-même mes mises en plis
    (m) Typography (text, page) composer;
    to set type composer
    (n) Music (poem, words)
    to set sth to music mettre qch en musique
    (a) (sun, moon, stars) se coucher;
    we saw the sun setting nous avons vu le coucher du soleil
    (b) (become firm → glue, cement, plaster, jelly, yoghurt) prendre;
    her features had set in an expression of determination ses traits s'étaient durcis en une expression de très forte détermination
    (c) (bone) se ressouder
    (d) (start) se mettre;
    he set to work il s'est mis au travail
    (e) (plant, tree) prendre racine
    (f) (hen) couver
    (g) (wind, tide)
    the wind looks set fair to the east on dirait un vent d'ouest
    (h) Hunting (hound) tomber en arrêt
    ►► Theatre, Cinema & Television set designer décorateur(trice) m,f;
    Grammar set expression expression f figée;
    set figures (in skating) figures fpl imposées;
    Grammar set phrase expression f figée;
    (a) Art, Literature & Music morceau m de bravoure
    (b) (fireworks) pièce f (de feu) d'artifice
    (c) (of scenery) élément m de décor
    (d) Sport combinaison f préparée ou calculée;
    Sport set point (in tennis) balle f de set;
    Technology set screw vis f de réglage;
    Sport set scrum (in rugby) mêlée f fermée;
    set square équerre f (à dessiner);
    set task tâche f assignée;
    to give sb a set task to do assigner à qn une tâche bien précise;
    Mathematics set theory théorie f des ensembles
    (a) (start → task) se mettre à;
    she set about changing the tyre elle s'est mise à changer le pneu;
    I didn't know how to set about it je ne savais pas comment m'y prendre;
    how does one set about getting a visa? comment fait-on pour obtenir un visa?
    (b) (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à;
    he set about the mugger with his umbrella il s'en est pris à son agresseur à coups de parapluie
    to set sth against sth comparer qch à qch;
    to set the benefits against the costs évaluer les bénéfices par rapport aux coûts;
    we must set the government's promises against its achievements nous devons examiner les promesses du gouvernement à la lumière de ses actions
    some of these expenses can be set against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    (c) (friends, family) monter contre;
    religious differences have set family against family les différences religieuses ont monté les familles les unes contre les autres;
    to set oneself or one's face against sth s'opposer résolument à qch
    to set the clock ahead avancer l'horloge;
    we're setting the clocks ahead tonight on change d'heure cette nuit
    (a) (place separately → object) mettre à part ou de côté;
    there was one deck chair set slightly apart from the others il y avait une chaise longue un peu à l'écart des autres;
    they set themselves apart ils faisaient bande à part
    (b) (distinguish) distinguer ( from de);
    her talent sets her apart from the other students son talent la distingue des autres étudiants
    (a) (put down → knitting, book) poser;
    could you set aside what you're working on for a while? pouvez-vous laisser ce que vous êtes en train de faire un moment?
    (b) (reserve, keep → time, place) réserver; (→ money) mettre de côté; (→ arable land) mettre en friche;
    I've set tomorrow aside for house hunting j'ai réservé la journée de demain pour chercher une maison;
    the room is set aside for meetings la pièce est réservée aux réunions;
    can you set the book aside for me? pourriez-vous me mettre ce livre de côté?;
    chop the onions and set them aside coupez les oignons et réservez-les
    (c) (overlook, disregard) mettre de côté, oublier, passer sur;
    they set their differences aside in order to work together ils ont mis de côté leurs différences pour travailler ensemble
    (d) (reject → dogma, proposal, offer) rejeter
    (e) Law (annul → contract, will) annuler; (→ verdict, judgment) casser
    the building is set back slightly from the road l'immeuble est un peu en retrait par rapport à la route
    (b) (delay → plans, progress) retarder;
    his illness set him back a month in his work sa maladie l'a retardé d'un mois dans son travail;
    the news may set him or his recovery back la nouvelle risque de retarder sa guérison;
    this decision will set the economy back ten years cette décision va faire revenir l'économie dix ans en arrière
    (c) familiar (cost) coûter à ;
    the trip will set her back a bit le voyage va lui coûter cher
    (a) (tray, bag etc) poser
    (b) British (passenger) déposer;
    the bus sets you down in front of the station le bus vous dépose devant la gare
    (c) (note, record) noter, inscrire;
    try and set your thoughts down on paper essayez de mettre vos pensées par écrit
    (d) (establish → rule, condition) établir, fixer;
    the government has set down a margin for pay increases le gouvernement a fixé une fourchette pour les augmentations de salaire;
    permissible levels of pollution are set down in the regulations les taux de pollution tolérés sont fixés dans les réglementations;
    to set sth down in writing coucher qch par écrit;
    it is clearly set down that drivers must be insured il est clairement signalé ou indiqué que tout conducteur doit être assuré
    formal (expound → plan, objections) exposer, présenter;
    the recommendations are set forth in the last chapter les recommandations sont détaillées ou énumérées dans le dernier chapitre
    literary partir, se mettre en route
    set in
    (problems) survenir, surgir; (disease) se déclarer; (winter) commencer; (night) tomber;
    if infection sets in si la plaie s'infecte;
    the bad weather has set in for the winter le mauvais temps s'est installé pour tout l'hiver;
    panic set in (began) la panique éclata; (lasted) la panique s'installa
    Sewing (sleeve) monter
    set off
    (a) (alarm) déclencher; (bomb) faire exploser; (fireworks) faire partir
    (b) (reaction, process, war) déclencher, provoquer;
    their offer set off another round of talks leur proposition a déclenché une autre série de négociations;
    it set her off on a long tirade against bureaucracy cela eut pour effet de la lancer dans une longue tirade contre la bureaucratie;
    to set sb off laughing faire rire qn;
    this answer set them off (laughing) cette réponse a déclenché les rires;
    one look at his face set me off again en le voyant, mon fou rire a repris de plus belle;
    if you say anything it'll only set him off (crying) again si tu dis quoi que ce soit, il va se remettre à pleurer;
    the smallest amount of pollen will set her off la moindre dose de pollen lui déclenche une réaction allergique;
    don't mention Maradona or you'll set him off again surtout ne prononce pas le nom de Maradona sinon il va recommencer;
    someone mentioned the war and of course that set Uncle Arthur off quelqu'un prononça le mot guerre, et évidemment, oncle Arthur embraya aussitôt sur le sujet;
    figurative to set sb off on the wrong track mettre qn sur une fausse piste
    (c) (enhance) mettre en valeur;
    the vase sets off the flowers beautifully le vase met vraiment les fleurs en valeur
    some of these expenses can be set off against tax certaines de ces dépenses peuvent être déduites des impôts
    partir, se mettre en route;
    he set off at a run il est parti en courant;
    I set off to explore the town je suis parti explorer la ville;
    after lunch, we set off again après le déjeuner, nous avons repris la route
    set on
    (attack) attaquer, s'en prendre à
    to set the police on the tracks of a thief mettre la police aux trousses d'un voleur;
    to set sb on his/her way mettre qn sur les rails
    to set a dog on sb lâcher un chien sur qn
    set out
    (a) (arrange → chairs, game pieces) disposer; (→ merchandise) étaler;
    the shopping centre is very well set out le centre commercial est très bien conçu
    (b) (present → ideas) exposer, présenter;
    the information is set out in the table below ces données sont présentées dans le tableau ci-dessous
    (a) (leave) se mettre en route, partir;
    just as he was setting out au moment de son départ;
    to set out for school partir pour l'école;
    to set out again repartir;
    to set out in pursuit/in search of sb se mettre à la poursuite/à la recherche de qn
    he has trouble finishing what he sets out to do il a du mal à terminer ce qu'il entreprend;
    I can't remember now what I set out to do je ne me souviens plus de ce que je voulais faire à l'origine;
    they all set out with the intention of changing the world au début, ils veulent tous changer le monde;
    she didn't deliberately set out to annoy you il n'était pas dans ses intentions de vous froisser;
    his theory sets out to prove that… sa théorie a pour objet de prouver que…
    (a) (begin work) commencer, s'y mettre;
    we set to with a will nous nous y sommes mis avec ardeur
    (b) familiar (two people → start arguing) avoir une prise de bec; (→ start fighting) en venir aux mains
    set up
    (a) (install → equipment, computer) installer; (→ roadblock) installer, disposer; (→ experiment) préparer;
    everything's set up for the show tout est préparé ou prêt pour le spectacle;
    set the chairs up in a circle mettez ou disposez les chaises en cercle;
    he set the chessboard up il a disposé les pièces sur l'échiquier;
    the equation sets up a relation between the two variables l'équation établit un rapport entre les deux variables;
    the system wasn't set up to handle so many users le système n'était pas conçu pour gérer autant d'usagers;
    he set the situation up so she couldn't refuse il a arrangé la situation de telle manière qu'elle ne pouvait pas refuser
    (b) (erect, build → tent, furniture kit, crane, flagpole) monter; (→ shed, shelter) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger;
    to set up camp installer ou dresser le camp
    (c) (start up, institute → business, scholarship) créer; (→ hospital, school) fonder; (→ committee, task force) constituer; (→ system of government, republic) instaurer; (→ programme, review process, system) mettre en place; (→ inquiry) ouvrir; (→ dinner, meeting, appointment) organiser;
    to set up house or home s'installer;
    they set up house together ils se sont mis en ménage;
    to set up a dialogue entamer le dialogue;
    you'll be in charge of setting up training programmes vous serez responsable de la mise en place des programmes de formation;
    the medical system set up after the war le système médical mis en place après la guerre
    (d) (financially, in business → person) installer, établir;
    he set his son up in a dry-cleaning business il a acheté à son fils une entreprise de nettoyage à sec;
    she could finally set herself up as an accountant elle pourrait enfin s'installer comme comptable;
    the money would set him up for life l'argent le mettrait à l'abri du besoin pour le restant de ses jours;
    the army set him up as a dictator l'armée l'installa comme dictateur
    we're well set up with supplies nous sommes bien approvisionnés;
    she can set you up with a guide/the necessary papers elle peut vous procurer un guide/les papiers qu'il vous faut;
    I can set you up with a girlfriend of mine je peux te présenter à ou te faire rencontrer une de mes copines
    (f) (restore energy to) remonter, remettre sur pied;
    have a brandy, that'll set you up prends un cognac, ça va te remonter
    (g) familiar (frame) monter un coup contre;
    she claims she was set up elle prétend qu'elle est victime d'un coup monté;
    he was set up as the fall guy on a fait de lui le bouc émissaire, il a joué le rôle de bouc émissaire
    (h) Typography (text) composer
    s'installer, s'établir;
    he's setting up in the fast-food business il se lance dans la restauration rapide;
    to set up on one's own (business) s'installer à son compte; (home) prendre son propre appartement
    (physically or verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > set

  • 12 health

    [helθ]
    health здоровье; to be in good health быть здоровым; to be in bad (или poor, ill) health иметь слабое здоровье health здоровье; to be in good health быть здоровым; to be in bad (или poor, ill) health иметь слабое здоровье health authorities органы здравоохранения; to drink (smb.'s) health пить за здоровье (кого-л.) environmental health care охрана здоровья через контроль состояния окружающей среды health благосостояние; жизнеспособность; to restore the health of the economy оздоровить экономику health здоровье; to be in good health быть здоровым; to be in bad (или poor, ill) health иметь слабое здоровье health здоровье health вчт. степень исправности health целебная сила; there is health in sunshine солнце обладает целебными свойствами health attr. гигиенический, санитарный; health education санитарное просвещение; health bill карантинное свидетельство health authorities органы здравоохранения; to drink (smb.'s) health пить за здоровье (кого-л.) health attr. гигиенический, санитарный; health education санитарное просвещение; health bill карантинное свидетельство health care system система медицинского обслуживания health service здравоохранение service: health health служба здравоохранения infant health centre детская консультация; health centre амер. диспансер mental health психическое здоровье mental health bureau бюро по вопросам психиатрии mental health center центр психического здоровья mental health service психиатрическая служба service: mental health health психиатрическая служба Minister of Social Affairs and health министр социальных дел и здравоохранения public health здравоохранение; Ministry of Health министерство здравоохранения municipal board of health муниципальное управление здравоохранения National Agency for Welfare and health Национальное агентство социального обеспечения и здравоохранения occupational health service служба борьбы с профессиональными заболеванями, служба охраны здоровья на производстве service: occupational health health служба гигиены труда public health здравоохранение public health здравоохранение; Ministry of Health министерство здравоохранения public health здравоохранение health благосостояние; жизнеспособность; to restore the health of the economy оздоровить экономику student health service служба здравоохранения для студентов health целебная сила; there is health in sunshine солнце обладает целебными свойствами

    English-Russian short dictionary > health

  • 13 economy

    n
    1) экономика; хозяйство
    2) экономия; бережливость

    to build up national economy — строить / создавать национальную экономику

    to improve one's economy — улучшать состояние экономики

    to rebuild a country's economy — восстанавливать / реконструировать экономику страны

    to remodel the economy — переделывать / изменять экономику

    to revitalize / to revive the economy — возрождать / оживлять экономику

    to stimulate one's domestic economy — стимулировать рост экономики внутри страны

    to tighten one's economy hold — усиливать свое экономическое влияние

    - adversely affected branches of economy
    - agricultural economy
    - ailing economy
    - ailing economies of the Third World
    - all-embracing economy
    - appalling state of the economy
    - balanced development of the branches of economy
    - barter economy
    - beleaguered economy
    - black economy
    - buoyancy in a country's economy
    - buoyant economy
    - business economy
    - capitalist economy
    - centralized economy
    - centrally planned economy
    - closed economy
    - cohesive economy
    - collapsing economy
    - colonialist economy
    - command economy
    - commanding heights of the economy
    - competitive economy
    - complementary economies
    - consumer economy
    - controlled economy
    - crippled economy
    - crisis-free economy
    - critical state of the economy
    - day-to-day running of economy
    - debt-ridden economy
    - defense economy
    - developed economy
    - developed national economy
    - developing economy
    - dire state of the economy
    - disrupted economy
    - domestic economy
    - economy catches its breath
    - economy constricts
    - economy expands
    - economy goes deeper into crisis
    - economy goes into a decline
    - economy is buoyant
    - economy is close to collapse
    - economy is coming out of recession
    - economy is crumbling
    - economy is diving into a recession
    - economy is facing a slump
    - economy is faltering
    - economy is headed upward
    - economy is in a dreadful state
    - economy is in a state of collapse
    - economy is in bad condition
    - economy is in recession
    - economy is in the doldrums
    - economy is not out of the woods yet
    - economy is rolling downhill
    - economy is sagging
    - economy is seriously unbalanced
    - economy is shrinking
    - economy of disarmament
    - economy of fuel
    - economy of one-sided development
    - economy of scarcity
    - economy recovers
    - economy undergoing charges
    - economy will undergo drastic surgical measures
    - economy with a high rate of growth in per capita output
    - economies of industrialized countries are booming
    - economies of scale
    - economies on labor
    - economies on social services
    - emerging economy
    - engineering economy
    - exchange economy
    - expanding economy
    - fast developing economy
    - flagging economy
    - fragile economy
    - frail economy
    - free economy
    - free enterprise economy
    - freewheeling economy
    - full employment economy
    - ghost economy
    - gilt-edged economy
    - global economy
    - gray economy
    - green economy
    - gross mismanagement of economy
    - growth of the economy
    - growth rate of the economy
    - healthy economy
    - high employment economy
    - high interest rates further dampen down the economy
    - highly developed branches of the economy
    - home economy
    - humane economy
    - industrial economy
    - inflationary pressures on the economy
    - intensification of economy
    - laissez-faire economy
    - less centralized grip on the economy
    - lop-sided economy
    - low pressure economy
    - major economy
    - management of the economy
    - market economy
    - market-oriented economy
    - mature economy
    - mechanics of economy
    - militarization of the economy
    - militarized economy
    - military economy
    - mixed economy
    - modernization of the economy
    - monetary economy
    - moribund economy
    - multibranch economy
    - multisectoral economy
    - multistructrural economy
    - national economy
    - no-growth period of economy
    - ongoing trends in the world economy
    - overheated economy
    - peace-time economy
    - peasant economy
    - plan-based economy
    - planless economy
    - plan-market economy
    - planned economy
    - pluralistic economy
    - powerful economy
    - private economy
    - private enterprise economy
    - private sector of the economy
    - progressive transformation of the economy
    - protected economy
    - public sector of the economy
    - rapid expansion of the economy
    - ravaged economy
    - recovery in economy
    - reforming of the economy along western lines
    - regulated market economy
    - retooling of the national economy
    - revitalization of the economy
    - robber economy
    - robust economy
    - run-down economy
    - rural economy
    - sagging economy
    - sane economy
    - self-sustained economy
    - shadow economy
    - shaky economy
    - shattered economy
    - shift away from central control of the economy
    - shift to a market economy
    - sick economy
    - siege economy
    - simple commodity economy
    - size of the economy
    - slide in the economy
    - slowing of economy
    - sluggish economy
    - socialist economy
    - socialist system of economy
    - socialized economy
    - sound economy
    - Soviet-style economy
    - spaceman economy
    - spontaneous economy
    - stability of economy
    - stagnant economy
    - state-run economy
    - stationary economy
    - steady-state economy
    - strict economy
    - strong economy
    - study of world economy
    - subsistence economy
    - sustained growth of economy
    - swift transition to market economy
    - swiss-cheese economy
    - switchover to a market economy
    - the country's economy grew by 10 per cent
    - the country's economy has been in better shape than before
    - the country's economy is in a pretty bad way
    - the country's economy is in dire trouble
    - tottering economy
    - transition to market economy
    - troubled economy
    - turnaround in the economy
    - two interlined economies
    - unbalanced economy
    - under-the-table economy
    - unstable economy
    - viable economy
    - war economy
    - war-ravaged economy
    - war-time economy
    - weakening of the economy
    - world economy

    Politics english-russian dictionary > economy

  • 14 хозяйство

    ср.
    1) только ед. economy заниматься( домашним) хозяйством ≈ to keep house, to look after the house, to be occupied with one's household обзавестись( домашним) хозяйством ≈ to acquire household effects быть занятым по хозяйству ≈ to be busy about the house обучать ведению хозяйства ≈ domesticate плановое хозяйствоplanned economy мировое хозяйствоworld economy народное хозяйствоnational economy сельское хозяйствоagriculture, farming;
    rural economy трехпольное хозяйствоthree-field system of agriculture экстенсивное хозяйствоextensive agriculture лесное хозяйствоforestry рыбное хозяйствоfish industry зерновое хозяйство ≈ grain growing транспортное хозяйствоtransportation management городское хозяйство ≈ municipal/city economy/services домашнее хозяйство ≈ housekeeping жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство ≈ housing and communal services мн. коммунальное хозяйство ≈ municipal economy многоотраслевое хозяйство ≈ varied/diversified economy натуральное хозяйствоnatural economy товарное хозяйствоcommodity economy энергетическое хозяйствоpower economy восстанавливать хозяйство ≈ to restore the economy молочное сельское хозяйствоdairy farming
    2) с.-х. farm животноводческое хозяйствоlive farming огородное хозяйствоtruck farming кооперативное хозяйствоcooperative farming крупное хозяйствоlarge-scale farm коллективное хозяйство ≈ collective farm единоличное хозяйство ≈ individual farm молочное хозяйствоdairying
    хозяйств|о - с.
    1. эк. (способ производства) economy;
    простое товарное ~ simple commodity economy;

    2. (производство, экономика) economy;

    3. (отрасль производства) branch of production;
    (производственная единица) production unit;
    лесное ~ forestry;

    4. (оборудование, инвентарь) equipment, property;
    ~ цеха equipment of a shop;
    ~ фермы property of a farm;

    5. (сельскохозяйственная производственная единица) farm;
    ведение фермерского ~ farming;
    личное подсобное ~ private garden plot;

    6. (круг обязанностей по дому) household duties pl., housekeeping;

    7. (предметы, продукты, необходимые в быту) household, housekeeping equipment;
    помогать по ~у be* busy about the house.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > хозяйство

  • 15 charger

    1. узел зарядки
    2. обойма
    3. засыпной аппарат
    4. зарядный выпрямитель
    5. зарядный агрегат
    6. зарядное устройство источника бесперебойного питания
    7. зарядное устройство (в электротехнике)
    8. зарядное устройство
    9. загрузочная машина
    10. завалочная машина

     

    завалочная машина
    Машина для загрузки шихты в сталеплав. печь. Различают з. м.: напольные (рельсовые и безрельсовые) и подвесные. Напольные рельсовые з. м. используются в мартен. цехах с крупными печами (> 150 т). Напольные безрельсовые з. м. предназначены для обслуж. мартен. печей малой емкости (5—20 т). Подвесные з. м. работают, как правило, в цехах с печами средней емкости (20—150 т). М. такого типа состоит из мостового крана с гл. и вспомогат. тележками.
    [ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    загрузочная машина
    Машина для загрузки заготовок в нагреват. или термич. печи.
    [ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    зарядное устройство

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    устройство зарядное (в электротехнике)
    Устройство для зарядки электрических аккумуляторов и батарей конденсаторов.
    [РД 01.120.00-КТН-228-06]


    Зарядные устройства аккумуляторов

    Емкость и время работы аккумуляторных батарей очень сильно зависят от типа и качества зарядных устройств, применяемых для их заряда, которые обеспечивают определенный метод заряда и выбор режима разряда. Выбор хорошего зарядного устройства для пользователя аккумуляторов часто является вопросом второстепенной важности, особенно при использовании аккумуляторов в бытовой электронной технике. Однако это очень существенный вопрос, и решать его нужно сразу, чтобы впоследствии не удивляться, почему так быстро приходится менять аккумуляторы или почему они не держат заряд. В большинстве случаев деньги, вложенные в покупку хорошего зарядного устройства, оправдывают себя в результате эффективной работы и длительного срока службы аккумуляторов.

    Построение схемы простейшего зарядного устройства зависит от принципов заряда, которых, в общем, два: ограничение тока заряда и ограничение напряжения заряда. Принцип заряда с ограничением тока заряда используется при заряде никель-кадмиевых и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторов, а принцип с ограничением напряжения заряда - при заряде свинцово-кислотных, литий-ионных и литий-полимерных аккумуляторов.

    Весьма быстрое развитие электроники, совершенствование её элементной базы привели к созданию специализированных микросхем зарядных устройств, способные автоматически обеспечить заряд аккумулятора по заданному алгоритму и предназначенные для заряда аккумуляторов любого типа. Кроме того, отдельные типы микросхем помимо заряда обеспечивают измерение емкости аккумулятора или аккумуляторной батареи и степени разряда.

    Современные микросхемы зарядных устройств способны очень четкое прекращать процесса заряда практически по всем возможным характеристикам заряда: по скорости повышения температуры ΔТ/Δt, по пиковому напряжению на аккумуляторной батарее, по кратковременному понижению напряжения ΔU/Δt, по максимальной температуре, по сигналу таймера. Отдельные микросхемы обеспечивают контроль температуры окружающей среды и в зависимости от этого корректируют режим заряда и разряда. Например, такая коррекция происходит пошагово при изменении температуры на каждые 10 °С в пределах от -35 до +85 °С. На практике любая из этих схем, взятая за основу, обрастает дополнительными элементами, добавляющими зарядному устройству новые возможности, улучшая его характеристики.

    Зарядные устройства аккумуляторов, обеспечивающие постоянный ток ( гальваностатический режим заряда)
    Большая часть зарядных устройств обеспечивает заряд только постоянным током и потому пригодны лишь для заряда щелочных герметичных аккумуляторов (никель-металлгидридных и никель-кадмиевых). Простейшие бытовые зарядные устройства, осуществляющие заряд постоянным током, применяются для заряда от 1 до 4 аккумуляторов. Они различаются в основном конструкцией, а не принципиальной электрической схемой. Чаще всего такие зарядные устройства питаются через трансформатор от сети 220В и обеспечивают выпрямленный ток с невысоким уровнем его стабилизации. Ток практически всегда не регулируется, а время заряда определяется самим пользователем.

    Универсальность бытовых зарядных устройств, как правило, означает возможность установки в них аккумуляторов разных габаритов и обеспечение постоянного тока порядка 0,1С, по отношению к емкости, которую производитель зарядного устройства считает типичной для аккумуляторов такого типоразмера. Поэтому следует быть внимательным при установке в них аккумуляторов и правильно определять время заряда. За последние 5-7 лет быстрый прогресс промышленности привел к выпуску щелочных аккумуляторов одинаковых габаритов, но отличающихся по емкости в 3 раза. Стремление использовать простые универсальные зарядные устройства для заряда аккумуляторов все большей емкости может привести к очень продолжительному и, главное, малоэффективному заряду токами существенно меньше стандартного значения. Главным достоинством таких зарядных устройств является их низкая цена.

    Более дорогие зарядные устройства обеспечивают несколько режимов: доразряд (если он необходим), заряд и режим подзаряда. Доразряд щелочных аккумуляторов (до 1 В/ак) производится с целью снятия остаточной емкости. Однако следует учитывать, что в таких зарядных устройствах аккумуляторы, устанавливаемые в пружинные контакты, могут быть соединены последовательно, а контроль разряда выполняется по предельному разрядному напряжению U=(n х 1,0)В, где n - количество аккумуляторов в цепочке. Но после длительной эксплуатации аккумуляторы могут очень сильно различаться по емкости, и контроль по среднему напряжению для всей цепочки может привести к переразряду или переполюсованию наиболее слабых и их порче.

    Прекращение заряда или переключение в режим подзаряда (малым током для компенсации саморазряда) производится в таких зарядных устройствах автоматически в соответствии с некоторыми из тех параметров контроля, которые описаны в другой статье. При использовании таких зарядных устройств следует помнить, что не рекомендуется часто и надолго оставлять аккумуляторы в режиме компенсационного подзаряда, так как это укорачивает срок их службы.

    Некоторые зарядные устройства конструктивно оформлены так, что обеспечивают заряд как 1-4 отдельных аккумуляторов, так и 9 В батареи типоразмера 6E22 (E-BLOCK). Некоторые зарядные устройства имеют индивидуальный контроль процесса заряда (детекция -ΔU) в каждом канале, что дает возможность заряжать одновременно аккумуляторы разных типоразмеров.

    Следует заметить, что в том случае, когда пользователь может позволить себе длительный заряд никель-кадмиевых или никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторов стандартным током 0,1 С в течение 16 ч, можно использовать простейшие зарядные устройства с контролем процесса по времени. При этом, если нет уверенности в полном исчерпании емкости, следует очередной заряд сократить по времени: лучше некоторый недозаряд аккумуляторов, чем значительный перезаряд, который может привести к их деградации и преждевременном выходе из строя. Но вообще большая часть современных цилиндрических аккумуляторов может перенести случайный довольно значительный перезаряд без повреждения и последствий, хотя емкость их при последующем разряде и не повысится.

    Если же нужно максимально сократить время переподготовки аккумуляторов после исчерпания емкости, следует использовать зарядные устройства для быстрого заряда, но с высоким уровнем контроля процесса. При выборе зарядного устройства с разными параметрами контроля процесса следует учитывать, что контроль его по абсолютной величине конечного напряжения ненадежен, а из двух наиболее часто рекомендуемых производителями аккумуляторов параметров (-ΔU и ΔT/Δt) первый реализован уже во многих современных зарядных устройствах, второй - для обычных зарядных устройств редок, прежде всего из-за того, что требует наличия термодатчика, а его устанавливают только в батареях, но возможна установка термодатчика в место контакта аккумулятора с зарядным устройством. Не следует увлекаться и чересчур быстрым зарядом аккумуляторов (некоторые компании предлагают заряд за 15-30 мин). При плохом аппаратурном обеспечении даже надежного способа контроля заряда, столь быстрый заряд значительно сократит срок службы аккумулятора.

    Зарядные устройства аккумуляторов, обеспечивающие режим постоянного напряжения ( потенциостатический режим заряда) и комбинированный заряд
    Зарядные устройства для свинцово-кислотных, литий-ионных и литий-полимерных аккумуляторных батарей должны осуществлять стабилизацию тока на первой стадии заряда и стабилизацию напряжения питания на второй. Кроме того, должен быть обеспечен контроль конца заряда, который в общем случае может выполняться либо по времени, либо по снижению тока до заданной минимальной величины.

    Зарядных устройств с такой стратегией заряда на рынке много меньше, чем зарядных устройств, реализующих режим постоянного тока (имеются ввиду зарядные устройства для непосредственного заряда аккумуляторов и батарей, а не блоки питания для сотовых телефонов, ноутбуков и т.п.).

    О зарядных устройствах никель-кадмиевых и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторах
    Для никель-кадмиевых и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторных батарей существует три типа зарядных устройств. К ним относятся:

    1. Зарядные устройства нормального (медленного) заряда
    2. Зарядные устройства быстрого заряда
    3. Зарядные устройства скоростного заряда

    1. Зарядные устройства нормального (медленного) заряда.

    Зарядные устройства этого типа, иногда называют ночными. Ток нормального заряда составляет 0,1С. Время заряда - 14...16 ч. При таком малом токе заряда трудно определить время окончания заряда. Поэтому обычно индикатор готовности батареи в зарядных устройствах для нормального заряда отсутствует. Они самые дешевые и предназначены только для зарядки никель-кадмиевых аккумуляторов. Для зарядки как никель-кадмиевых так и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторов используются другие, более совершенные зарядные устройства. Если зарядный ток установлен правильно, полностью заряженная батарея становится чуть теплой на ощупь. В таком случае нет надобности немедленно отключать ее от зарядного устройства. В нем она может оставаться более чем на один день. Но все же ее отсоединение сразу после окончания заряда - лучший вариант. При применении таких зарядных устройствах проблемы возникают, если они используются для зарядки батарей малой емкости, в то время как рассчитаны для работы с более мощными батареями. В таком случае аккумуляторная батарея станет нагреваться уже по достижении 70% своей емкости. Поскольку возможность понизить ток заряда или прекратить его процесс вообще отсутствует, то во второй половине цикла заряда начнется процесс теплового разрушения аккумуляторов. Единственно возможный способ сохранить аккумуляторы, это отключить их, как только они станут горячими. В случае, если для зарядки мощной аккумуляторной батареи используется недостаточно мощное зарядное устройство, батарея в процессе заряда будет оставаться холодной и никогда не будет заряжена до конца. Тогда она потеряет часть своей емкости.

    2. Зарядные устройства быстрого заряда.
    Они позиционируются как зарядные устройства среднего класса как по скорости заряда, так и по цене. Заряд аккумуляторов в них происходит в течение 3...6 часов током около 0,ЗС. В качестве необходимого элемента эти зарядные устройства имеют схему контроля достижения аккумуляторами определенного напряжения в конце заряда и их отключения в этот момент. Такие зарядные устройства обеспечивают лучшее по сравнению с устройствами медленного заряда обслуживание аккумуляторов. В настоящее время они уступили свое место зарядным устройствам скоростного заряда.

    3. Зарядные устройства скоростного заряда.
    Такие зарядные устройства имеют несколько преимуществ перед зарядными устройствами других типов. Главное из них - меньшее время заряда. Хотя из-за большей мощности источника напряжения и необходимости использования специальных узлов контроля и управления такие зарядные устройства имеют наиболее высокие цены. Время заряда в зарядных устройствах такого типа зависит от тока заряда, степени разряда аккумуляторов, их емкости и типа. При токе заряда 1С разряженная никель-кадмиевая батарея заряжается в среднем менее чем за один час. Если же аккумуляторная батарея полностью заряжена, некоторые зарядные устройства переходят в режим подзарядки пониженным током заряда и с отключением по сигналу таймера.

    Современные устройства скоростного заряда обычно используются для зарядки как никель-кадмиевых, так и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторных батарей. Поскольку этот процесс происходит при повышенном токе заряда и за ним необходим контроль, крайне важно, чтобы в конкретном зарядном устройстве заряжались только те аккумуляторы, которые рекомендованы для скоростного заряда производителем. Некоторые батареи маркируют электрически на заводах-изготовителях с той целью, чтобы зарядное устройство могло распознать их тип и основные электрические характеристики. После этого зарядное устройство автоматически установит величину тока и задаст алгоритм процесса заряда, соответствующие установленным в него аккумуляторам.

    Еще раз подчеркнем, что свинцово-кислотные и литий-ионные аккумуляторные батареи имеют алгоритмы заряда, не совместимые с алгоритмом заряда никель-кадмиевых и никель-металлгидридных аккумуляторов.

    [ http://www.powerinfo.ru/charge.php]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    зарядное устройство источника бесперебойного питания
    Часть ИБП, которая обеспечивает поддержание аккумуляторной батареи в заряженном состоянии. В современных ИБП зарядное устройство работает по сложному алгоритму, обеспечивающему максимальный срок эксплуатации аккумуляторной батареи ИБП, при условии рекомендованного диапазона температуры окружающей среды, и быстрый термокомпенсированный заряд.
    [ http://www.radistr.ru/misc/document423.phtml]

    EN

    battery charger
    Functional UPS module that converts the utility mains AC voltage to DC voltage for charging batteries, in order to restore the charge that was withdrawn during mains outage.
    Generally, system's Rectifier fulfills also the charging function.
    [ http://www.upsonnet.com/UPS-Glossary/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    зарядный агрегат

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    зарядный выпрямитель

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    засыпной аппарат
    Устр-во для загрузки в домен, печь шихтовых материалов и их распределения по окружности и радиусу печи, выполняющее одноврем. ф-ции газ. затвора при давлении газа под колошником печи до 0,25 МПа. Пропускная способность з. а. совр. домен, печей достигает 1000 т/час. В конце XX в. получили наиб. распространение з. а.: конусный, конусный с подвижными колошниковыми плитами, бесконусный с лотковым распределителем шихты. Осн. конструктивные решения конусного з. а., предлож. англ. инж. Парри (неподвижная воронка и подвижный конус) в 1850 г. и амер. инж. Мак-Ки (вращающийся распределитель с малым конусом) в 1906 г., сохранились в совр. з. а. этого типа и в конусных з. а. с подвижными колошниковыми плитами, выполняющими ф-ции распределителя шихты (рис. 1). Осн. конструктивные решения, определ. более широкие возможности управляемого распределения шихты и герметизации печи (система запирающих клапанов, центр, течка, вращающ. распределит, лоток) применяются в бесконусном з. а. (БЗА) фирмы «Paul Wurt» с 1970-х гг. В мире установлено более 150 БЗА ф. «Paul Wurt», из них около 100 устройств однотрактовые. В 1990-х гг. было создано (Гипромез, ВНИИметмаш и др.) и установлено на доменных печах несколько типов одно- и двухтрактовых отечеств. БЗА.
    Установка БЗА с автоматизир. средствами контроля и управления, широкими возможностями управления радиальным и окружным распределением шихты, высокой долговечностью и ремонтопригодностью на всех вновь строящихся и реконструируемых печах стала одним из перспективных направлений повышения эффективности домен. произ-ва.
    [ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    обойма
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    charger
    Another term for (cartridge) clip.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    узел зарядки
    электризатор

    Техническое средство для нанесения электростатических зарядов на поверхность ЭФГ-фоторецептора.
    [ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > charger

  • 16 battery charger

    1. зарядный выпрямитель
    2. зарядный агрегат
    3. зарядное устройство источника бесперебойного питания
    4. зарядное устройство батареи
    5. зарядное устройство аккумуляторной батареи
    6. зарядное устройство

     

    зарядное устройство

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    зарядное устройство аккумуляторной батареи

    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    зарядное устройство батареи
    зарядный агрегат


    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    зарядное устройство источника бесперебойного питания
    Часть ИБП, которая обеспечивает поддержание аккумуляторной батареи в заряженном состоянии. В современных ИБП зарядное устройство работает по сложному алгоритму, обеспечивающему максимальный срок эксплуатации аккумуляторной батареи ИБП, при условии рекомендованного диапазона температуры окружающей среды, и быстрый термокомпенсированный заряд.
    [ http://www.radistr.ru/misc/document423.phtml]

    EN

    battery charger
    Functional UPS module that converts the utility mains AC voltage to DC voltage for charging batteries, in order to restore the charge that was withdrawn during mains outage.
    Generally, system's Rectifier fulfills also the charging function.
    [ http://www.upsonnet.com/UPS-Glossary/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    зарядный агрегат

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

     

    зарядный выпрямитель

    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

    Тематики

    • электротехника, основные понятия

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > battery charger

  • 17 rearm

    To restore the Windows operating system to the original licensing state. All licensing and registry data related to activation are either removed or reset. Any grace period timers are reset as well.

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > rearm

  • 18 Action Center

    "A comprehensive PC maintenance center that provides the user with a single point of entry for tasks and notifications associated with PC Health, i.e. security, diagnostics, problem reports and solutions, how to update the system (Windows Updates), performance, reliability, backup and restore, and complete PC backup (recovery and Rescue my PC)."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > Action Center

  • 19 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 20 time

    1. время, продолжительность; период; срок || рассчитывать по времени; отмечать время; хронометрировать
    2. такт; темп

    time of running in — время, требуемое на спуск бурового инструмента

    wait on plastic time — время ожидания затвердевания пластмассы (при тампонировании скважины полимерами) (до получения прочности, равной 7 МПа)

    — in unit time

    * * *
    1. время; период; момент; срок; продолжительность

    mean time between complaints — среднее время между рекламациями; средняя наработка на рекламацию

    time to repair completion — время до завершения ремонта;


    * * *
    время; продолжительность; темп; такт

    * * *
    время, момент

    * * *
    1) время; период; момент; срок; продолжительность

    time at shot pointсейсм. вертикальное время;

    time between defects — наработка между появлениями дефектов;

    time between failures — наработка между отказами;

    time between maintenance actions — наработка между операциями технического обслуживания;

    time between overhauls — межремонтный срок службы; наработка между капитальными ремонтами;

    time between repairs — межремонтный срок службы; наработка между ремонтами;

    time between tests — время между испытаниями;

    time on bottom — продолжительность нахождения инструмента в забое;

    time on trip — время на спуско-подъёмные операции;

    time since circulation — интервал времени между остановкой циркуляции бурового раствора и началом каротажа;

    time since overhaul — наработка после капитального ремонта;

    time to damage — наработка до повреждения;

    time to failure — наработка до отказа;

    time to first system failure — наработка до первого отказа системы;

    time to locate a failure — время до обнаружения местонахождения неисправности;

    time to repair — наработка до ремонта;

    time to repair completion — время до завершения ремонта;

    time to restore — наработка до восстановления;

    time to system failure — наработка до отказа системы;

    - time of arrival
    - time of ascend
    - time of echo
    - time of flight
    - time of running-in
    - time of service
    - time of setting
    - time transit
    - active maintenance time
    - active repair time
    - active technician time
    - actual casing cutting time
    - actual drilling time
    - administrative time
    - alert time
    - arrival time
    - attendance time
    - available time
    - average time between maintenance
    - average mooring time
    - awaiting repair time
    - bad time
    - Barnaby time
    - bedrock-reflection time
    - bit time off-bottom
    - bit time on-bottom
    - bit run time
    - boring time
    - break time
    - breakdown time
    - casing-fluid decay time
    - cement setting time
    - cementing time
    - changing time
    - charging-up time
    - circulation cycle time
    - closed-in time
    - composite delay time
    - connection time
    - coring time
    - corrected travel time
    - corrective maintenance time
    - critical fault clearing time
    - critical ray time
    - cutting-in time
    - datum-corrected time
    - dead time
    - delay technician time
    - discharge time
    - down time
    - drainage time
    - drilling time
    - drilling time per bit
    - drilling bit changing time
    - effective repair time
    - elapsed maintenance time
    - end-to-end time
    - engineering time
    - equal travel time
    - equipment repair time
    - estimated time of repair
    - estimated mean time to failure
    - estimated repair time
    - etching time
    - expected time to first failure
    - expected time to repair
    - expected test time
    - exponential failure time
    - failed time
    - failure time
    - failure-detection time
    - failure-free time
    - failure-reaction time
    - fault time
    - fault-detection time
    - fault-free time
    - fault-inception time
    - fill-up time
    - filling time
    - filtration time
    - final cement setting time
    - final setting time
    - final test time
    - first-arrival time
    - first-break time
    - first-event time
    - fishing time
    - flush time
    - forward time
    - general repair time
    - geological time
    - geometrical ray-path time
    - geophone time
    - ghost travel time
    - gross drilling time
    - guarantee time
    - half-intercept time
    - head-wave arrival time
    - high-velocity time
    - horizon time
    - in-commission time
    - infinite closed-in time
    - infusion time
    - initial setting time
    - intercept time
    - interfailure time
    - interpolated time
    - interrepair time
    - interval time
    - interval transit time
    - jelling time
    - lag time
    - least travel time
    - localization time
    - lost time
    - maintenance time
    - makeup time
    - malfunction repair time
    - maximum repair time
    - mean time
    - mean time between complaints
    - mean time between defects
    - mean time between detectable failures
    - mean time between malfunctions
    - mean time between unscheduled removals
    - mean time of repair
    - mean time to crash
    - mean time to diagnosis
    - mean time to first failure
    - mean time to isolate
    - mean time to maintenance
    - mean time to removal
    - mean time to repair failures
    - mean time to replacement
    - mean time to restore
    - mean time to return to service
    - mean time to unscheduled removal
    - mean corrective maintenance time
    - mean diagnostic time
    - mean maintenance time
    - mean operating time
    - mean repair time
    - mean up time
    - measured travel time
    - median time to failure
    - median maintenance time
    - minimum time to repair
    - mooring time
    - moveout time
    - moving time
    - mud-path correction time
    - net time on-bottom
    - net drilling time
    - nipple-down time
    - nipple-up time
    - nonactive maintenance time
    - nonfailure operation time
    - nonproductive rig time
    - nonscheduled maintenance time
    - normal arrival time
    - observed travel time
    - off-stream time
    - oil field development time
    - oil production time
    - on-bottom time
    - one-way time
    - one-way travel time
    - operating time
    - operating time between failures
    - operational use time
    - out-of-commission time
    - overall time
    - overhaul time
    - pipe abandoning time
    - pipe recovery time
    - pool formation time
    - pressure build-up time
    - pressure readjustment time
    - preventive maintenance time
    - production time
    - productive time
    - productive rig time
    - propagation time
    - proving time
    - pulling-out time
    - pulse time of arrival
    - pumpability time
    - pump-down time
    - pumping time
    - putting on production time
    - raw time
    - ray-path time
    - readiness time
    - ready time
    - reciprocal time
    - reciprocating time
    - record time
    - reflection arrival time
    - reflection travel time
    - refraction break time
    - refraction travel time
    - rejection operating time
    - removal time
    - repair time per failure
    - repair-and-servicing time
    - repair-delay time
    - repair-to-repair time
    - replacement time
    - required time of operation
    - residual time
    - reversed time
    - rig time
    - rig-down time
    - rig-up time
    - round-trip time
    - round-up time
    - routine maintenance time
    - running-in time
    - sample deformation time
    - scheduled engineering time
    - scheduled operating time
    - search time
    - second-event time
    - seismic interval time
    - seismic record time
    - service time
    - service adequacy time
    - servicing time
    - setting time
    - setting-up time
    - setup time
    - shooting time
    - shot-hole time
    - shot-to-receiver time
    - shut-in time
    - spending time
    - standby time
    - standby unattended time
    - station time
    - step-out time
    - supplementary maintenance time
    - surface-to-surface time
    - survival time
    - tank emptying time
    - tear-down time
    - technician delay time
    - thickening time of cement
    - total time on test
    - total gaging time
    - total maintenance time
    - total path time
    - total rig time
    - total technician time
    - transit time
    - traveling time
    - trip time
    - troubleshooting time
    - turnaround time
    - turnover time
    - two-way travel time
    - unproductive time
    - uphole time
    - uphole-shooting time
    - usable time
    - vertical path time
    - vertical travel time
    - vibration time
    - wait-before-repair time
    - waiting-on-cement time
    - waiting-on-plastic time
    - water-break time
    - wave arrival time
    - wave transit time
    - wave traveling time
    - wavefront time
    - wear-out time
    - weathering time
    - well building time
    - well drilling time
    - well shut-in time
    - zero-offset arrival time
    - zero-offset travel time
    - zero-spread time
    * * *

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > time

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